Primary Sources
Delve into the life and culture of the Medieval world through this unique collection of primary source material.
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Affirming the Imamate
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Medieval Philosophy
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Primary Sources on Monsters
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Tamerlane
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Primary Documents
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Sa’di in Love
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Bede
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Bede
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Tacitus’s Description of Early Germanic Society
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An Early Crisis of Church and State: Ambrose of Milan’s Excommunication of Theodosius
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Ammianus Marcellinus’s Account of the Battle of Hadrianople
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Pope Leo I, the Great, Defends Rome against Attila the Hun
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Augustine of Hippo’s Definition of a True Commonwealth
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Augustine of Hippo’s Conversion Experience
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The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of England according to Bede
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Bede’s Description of the Life and Works, Including the Conversion of England, of Pope Gregory I, the Great
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Bede’s Account of the Synod of Whitby
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Charlemagne’s Letter Promoting Learning in His Empire
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An Inventory of a Carolingian Royal Estate
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Charlemagne’s Law Imposing Christianity on the Saxons
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Excerpts from Einhard’s Biography of Charlemagne
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Eusebius’ Description of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and the Conversion of Constantine
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Gildas’s Version of the Conquest of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons
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A Letter from Pope Gregory III to Charles Martel Seeking Aid against the Lombards
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Gregory of Tours: Clovis and the Vase of Soissons
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Gregory of Tours: The Conversion of Clovis
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An Account of the Battle of Tours by a Spanish Christian Chronicler
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Excerpts from Jordanes’s Getica
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Justinian’s Codification of Roman Law
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Charlemagne and a Painted Mouse Humble a Proud Bishop
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Paul the Deacon Explains the Name of the Lombard People
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The Lombards Invade Italy on the Invitation of Narses
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Priscus’s Description of Attila the Hun and His Court
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Procopius Describes the Excesses of Justinian and the Character of the Empress Theodora
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Rebellion against the Emperor Justinian
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Procopius’s Description of the Hagia Sophia Following Its Reconstruction by Justinian
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Martin of Tours Gives His Cloak to a Poor Beggar
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Boniface: An Early Medieval Missionary and Saint
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Augustine Writes of Childhood Sinning, 397
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Ordeals under the Law
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King Clovis Kills His Kinsmen (fifth and sixth centuries)
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A Historian Slanders Empress Theodora (sixth century)
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Bede Describes the Conversion of the English (sixth and seventh centuries)
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Documents of Feudal Law (seventh and eighth centuries)
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Charlemagne Promotes Education (eighth and ninth centuries)
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A Jewish Merchant Writes to His Wife
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Lords Create Markets (ninth and tenth centuries)
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Asser’s Life of Alfred the Great, King of Wessex (tenth century)
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Serfs Struggle for Freedom (tenth and thirteenth centuries)
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Vikings Trade with Natives in North America (eleventh century)
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The Pope Claims Supremacy in the Investiture Controversy (eleventh century)
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Anna Comnena Describes the First Crusade (twelfth century)
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The Founding and Decline of the Knights Templars (twelfth century)
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The Great Pilgrimage Church of Saint James in Spain (twelfth century)
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The Life of Godric, Merchant Saint (twelfth century)
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Hildegard of Bingen Discusses Marriage (twelfth century)
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Guibert of Nogent Studies at Home (twelfth century)
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The Legendary King Arthur Is Born (twelfth century)
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Bernard of Clairvaux Condemns Abelard and Scholasticism, 1140
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An Agricultural Instruction Manual (thirteenth century)
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Crusaders Besiege a Tower during the Fifth Crusade (thirteenth century)
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Marco Polo Describes Religious Toleration in the Mongol Empire, 1271
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Marco Polo Describes the Mongol Capital, 1271
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Giovanni Boccaccio Describes the Plague, 1350
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Jean Froissart Describes a Peasant Revolt, the Jacquerie in France (fourteenth century)
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John Hus Is Burnt for Heresy, 1415
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Margery Kempe Has a Vision of Jesus, 1436
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Leif Erikson’s Exploration of North America: Coming to Vinland (c. c.e. 1003)
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Leif Erikson’s Exploration of North America: The Naming of Vinland (c. c.e. 1003)
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Thorfinn Karlsefni’s Exploration of North America: An Encounter with the Natives (c. c.e. 1005)
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Christopher Columbus Remarks on the Generosity of the Taino People of Hispaniola (December 1492)
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Columbus Dines with the Local Taino Chieftain Guacanagari (December 1492)
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The Marketplace of Tenochtitlán, the Aztec Capital (1519)
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The View from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán, the Aztec Capital (1519)
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A Description of Xibalba, the Mayan Underworld from the Popol Vuh (early sixteenth century)
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Francisco Pizarro’s First Encounter with the Inca Ruler Atahualpa (November 1532)
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Diego de Landa’s Description of the Clothing and Food of the Maya of Yucatan (written c. 1566)
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Garcilaso de la Vega, “El Inca,” on Inca Irrigation and Agriculture (published 1609)
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Garcilaso de la Vega, “El Inca,” on Inca Music (published 1609)
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Indian Ocean Trade (first century c.e.)
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An Account of Trade with the Etiopian Kingdom of Aksum, 525
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A Letter Illustrating Relations Between Muslim Egypt and Christian Nubia, 759
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A Muslim Account of Ghana, 1067–1068
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Accounts of the Saharan City of Sijilmasa (tenth-twelfth centuries)
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The Kebra Negast: An Account of the Origins of the Christian Kings of Ethiopia (c. thirteenth-fourteenth centuries)
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Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324
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Ibn Battuta’s Description of East Africa’s Swahili Coast, 1331
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Ibn Battuta’s Descriptions of Mali, 1352–1353
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Jews in the Sahara and Sudan (fifteenth–sixteenth centuries)
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A European Description of the East African Coast, 1500–1518
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A Description of Timbuktu in the Early 1500s
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Excerpts from the Qur’an
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The Pact of Umar (c. 637)
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al-Ya‘qubi’s Ninth-Century Description of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
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al-Ya‘qubi’s Description of Baghdad in the Ninth Century
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al-Jahiz’s Ninth-Century Essay on the Turks
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al-Muqaddasi’s Tenth-Century Description of the Aksâ Mosque in Jerusalem
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al-Muqaddasi’s Tenth-Century Explanation of the Construction of Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock
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Naser-e Khosraw’s Description of the City of New Cairo in the Eleventh Century
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Excerpts from Nizam al-Mulk’s Book of Government or Rules for Kings (Eleventh Century)
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Excerpts from al-Shayzari’s The Book of the Islamic Market Inspector (Twelfth Century)
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Medieval Islamic Recipes
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Excerpt for the Bhagavad Gita : The Nature of Brahman
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The Ramayana : The Story of Ahalya and the God Indra
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Excerpt from the Travel Account of Faxian: A Cremation in Ceylon, c. 400
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Excerpt from the Travel Account of Faxian: The Chandalas, c. 400
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Excerpt from the Poem “The Birth of the War-God” by Kalidasa, c. Fourth/Fifth Century c.e.
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Inscriptions of the Gupta Kings, Fourth and Fifth Centuries c.e.
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Except from The Minister’s Seal, a Work by the Gupta Playwright Visakhadatta, Early Fifth Century c.e.
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Banabhatta’s Account of How the Newly Crowned Harsha Turned a Bad Omen to His Advantage, c. 606
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Xuanzang’s Account of Harsha’s Accession to the Throne, c. 606
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A Muslim Account of Hindu Devotions, 1041
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A Description of the City of Delhi at the End of the Reign of Sultan Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 1236
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Sultana Raziya and Nasiriah College, c. 1240
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Excerpt from the Account of Marco Polo: The Customs of Maabar, c. 1291
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Excerpt from the Account of Marco Polo: The Brahmins of Lar, c. 1291
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Marco Polo Describes Yogis He Encounters in India, c. 1291
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A Story of Pre-Muslim Delhi: Justice for a Crow, c. 1320
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Ibn Battuta: The Pepper Tree of South India, c. 1325
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Ibn Battuta: A Pious Holy Man of Delhi, c. 1325
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The Values of Concubines and Slave Girls in Delhi, c. 1348
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An Uprising in Delhi during the Reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, c. 1350
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The Plunder of Delhi by Timur’s Army, 1398
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The Mughal Conqueror Babur Describes India, c. 1526
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Selections from the Analects by Confucius (c. sixth century b.c.e.)
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Selections from the Dao De Jing (c. sixth century b.c.e.)
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Alchemy in Religious Daoism (c. fifth century)
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Changing Wives in China (sixth century)
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The Shinto Creation Story (eighth century)
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A Confucian Denunciation of Buddhism (ninth century)
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Criticism of Chinese Merchants (eleventh century)
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Tang Poetry on Old Age (ninth century)
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Japanese Poetry (ninth century)
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Japan’s Tale of Genji : The World’s First Novel (eleventh century)
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The Tale of Genji : The Trials of Genji’s Mother (eleventh century)
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A Chinese Official’s View of the Korean People (twelfth century)
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Corvee Labor in Korea (twelfth century)
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The “Jottings” of the Japanese Writer Kamo no Chomei (thirteenth century)
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Slavery in Korea (1300)
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Selections from the Analects by Confucius (c. sixth century b.c.e.)
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Selections from the Dao De Jing (c. sixth century b.c.e.)
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Alchemy in Religious Daoism (c. fifth century)
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Changing Wives in China (sixth century)
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The Shinto Creation Story (eighth century)
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A Confucian Denunciation of Buddhism (ninth century)
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Criticism of Chinese Merchants (eleventh century)
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Tang Poetry on Old Age (ninth century)
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Japanese Poetry (ninth century)
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Japan’s Tale of Genji : The World’s First Novel (eleventh century)
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The Tale of Genji : The Trials of Genji’s Mother (eleventh century)
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A Chinese Official’s View of the Korean People (twelfth century)
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Corvee Labor in Korea (twelfth century)
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The “Jottings” of the Japanese Writer Kamo no Chomei (thirteenth century)
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Slavery in Korea (1300)
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Basil the Great on Cenobitic Monasticism (Fourth Century)
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The Conversion of Constantine (312 CE)
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Constantine Exempts Members of the Christian Clergy from Compulsory Public Duties (313 CE)
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Lactantius: The Edict of Milan (313 CE)
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Constantine Restricts the Entrance of Decuriones (City Council Members) into the Ranks of the Clergy (329 CE)
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An Imperial Constitution of Constantine Allowing Bishops Jurisdiction Over Secular Courts (333 CE)
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Holy Relics: Saint Helena Finds the True Cross (337 CE) and the Discovery of the Holy Lance (1098)
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Council of Nicaea: Letter of Eusebius of Caesarea to his Diocese (350 CE)
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Theodoret Describes Julian the Apostate’s Edict Forbidding Christians to Teach the Classics (362 CE)
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Socrates Scholasticus Describes how Christians Evaded Julian the Apostate’s Edict Against Christians Teaching the Classics (363 CE)
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Battle of Adrianople (378 CE)
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First Council of Ephesus: The Condemnation of Nestorius (431 CE)
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Pope Gelasius I on Spiritual and Temporal Power (494 CE)
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Procopius on the Economic Impact of Emperor Justinian’s Condemnation of Christian Heresies (Sixth Century)
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Agapetus Counsels Justinian on the Proper Conduct of Christian Rulers (Sixth Century)
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Emperor Anastasius I Awards Clovis the Titles of Consul and Patrician (508 CE)
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Procopius’ Account of Empress Theodora’s Speech During the Nika Revolt (532 CE)
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Procopius’ Description of Hagia Sophia, Church of Holy Wisdom (537 CE)
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Theophanes the Confessor Describes the Start of the Iconoclastic Controversy (724 CE)
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“Spoiling the Egyptians”: Military Strategy in the Tactica of LEO VI (886–912 CE)
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Emperor Constantine VII Porphyogenitus Warns his Son not to Share Greek Fire, A Gift from God, with Heretics and Non-Believers (10th Century)
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Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Instructs his Son on the Byzantine Art of Diplomacy in an Excerpt from his De Administrando Imperio (950 CE)
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Robert the Monk’s Account of the Council of Clermont and Pope Urban II’s Call for Christians to Take up the Cross (1095)
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Robert the Monk’s Description of the Foundation of Constantinople (12th Century)
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Pope Innocent III’s Letter to the Leaders of the Fourth Crusade Following their Capture of Constantinople (1204)
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Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo Describes the Miraculous Power of the Virgin Hodegetria Icon (1343)
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An Eyewitness Account of the Monastery of St. Catherine (Mid-14th Century)
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Ibn Al-Athir on the Mongol Invasion of the Islamic World (Early 13th Century)
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Ibn Al-Athir on Mongol Invasions of the Near East (Early 13th Century)
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Robert of Clari’s Description of the Kipchaks (ca. 1205)
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The Chronicler Juzjani’s Account of the Capture of Zhongdu (1214)
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Account of the Otrar Massacre (1219)
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Chinggis Khan’s Invitation to the Daoist Monk K’iu Ch’ang Ch’un (May 15, 1219)
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Description of the Boqta Headdress of Mongolian Women (ca. 1219)
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Excerpt from Wu-ku-sun Chung Tuan’s Account of his Embassy to Chinggis Khan in Central Asia (ca. 1220)
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Chinggis Khan’s Oration at the Sack of Bukhara (ca. 1220)
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A Description of Mawarannahr by Yelu Chucai (ca. 1220)
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Jalal Al-Din Requests Help Against the Mongols (ca. 1230)
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John of Plano Carpini’s Description of the Mongols (1240s)
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John of Plano Carpini’s Description of Mongol Armor (1240s)
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John of Sarrasin’s Letter to Nicholas of Arrode Describing a Mongol Ploy (June 23, 1249)
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Description of Prince Alexander Nevsky from the Nikonian Chronicle (1250s)
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William of Rubruck Enjoys Kumiss (1250s)
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William of Rubruck’s Description of Mongke’s Drinking Fountain (1250s)
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William of Rubruck’s Account of the Distinctive Mongol Hairstyle (1250s)
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William of Rubruck’s Description of Yurts (1250s)
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Matthew Paris on the Fear Provoked by the Approach of the Mongols (1250s)
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Ch’ang Te’s Description of the Assassins (1250s)
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Letter of Mongke to King Louis IX of France (1250s)
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Description of William of Rubruck’s Audience with Mongke Khan (May 31, 1254)
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Bar Hebraeus on the Fall of Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
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Marco Polo’s Account of the Fall of Baghdad (1258)
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Letter of Hulegu to King Louis IX of France (1262)
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Marco Polo’s Account of the Siege of XIAngyang (1273)
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Rabban Sawma’s Account of the Election of Yahba Allah III as Catholicus of the Eastern Church (1281)
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Marco Polo’s Account of Nayan’s Rebellion Against Khubilai Khan (1287)
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Marco Polo on the Women of Khubilai Khan’s Court (ca. 1298)
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Marco Polo’s Description of China’s Countryside (1298)
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Marco Polo on Khubilai Khan’s Palace (1298)
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Marco Polo on Paper Money in China (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo on Mongol Warriors in the 13th Century (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Description of the City of Daidu (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Description of Khubilai Khan Hunting (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Description of Chinese Ships (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Description of Mongol Shamanism (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Account of Khubilai Khan’s Hunting Park at Shangdu (ca. 1300)
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Marco Polo’s Account of the Assassins (ca. 1300)
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An Armenian Account of the Mongols’ Divine Right to Rule (Early 14th Century)
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Passage from Jami’u’t-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) in which Chinggis Khan Explains the Best Things in Life (Early 14th Century)
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Letter from Ghazan, Ruler of the Il-Khanate, to Pope Boniface VIII (April 1302)
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Rabban Sawma’s Account of the Meeting of Oljeitu and Mar Yahba Allah (1304)
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Marco Polo on Mongol Customs (ca. 1324)
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Gilles Li Muisis’s Account of the Black Death at the Siege of Kaffa (1347)
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Account of Samarkand under Timur-I Leng (ca. 1403–1406)
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Account of the Battle of the Ugra River from the Nikonian Chronicle (1480)
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The General Prologue
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The Knight's Tale
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The Miller's Tale
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Alan Gaylord Reads Chaucer: The Miller's Tale
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The Reeve's Tale
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Michael Alexander Reads Chaucer: The Cook's Tale
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The Man of Law's Tale
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The Wife of Bath's Tale
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Alan Gaylord Reads Chaucer: The Friar's Tale
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The Summoner's Tale
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The Clerk's Tale
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The Merchant's Tale
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The Squire's Tale
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The Franklin's Tale
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The Physician's Tale
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The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale
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The Shipman's Tale
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The Prioress's Tale
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Sir Thopas - Two Readings
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The Tale of Melibee
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The Monk's Tale
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The Nun's Priest's Tale
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The Nun's Priest's Tale
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The Second Nun's Tale
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The Manciple's Tale
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The Parson's Prologue and Tale
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Anelida and Arcite
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Parlement of Foules
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The Book of the Duchess
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The House of Fame
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The Legend of Good Women
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Troilus and Criseyde: Book 1
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Troilus and Criseyde: Book 2
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Troilus and Criseyde: Book 3
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Troilus and Criseyde: Book 4
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Troilus and Criseyde: Book 5
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Piers Plowman: Prologue
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Piers Plowman: Passus 1
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Piers Plowman: Passus 2
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Piers Plowman: Passus 3
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Piers Plowman: Passus 4
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Piers Plowman: Passus 5
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Piers Plowman: Passus 6
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Piers Plowman: Passus 7
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Piers Plowman: Passus 8
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Piers Plowman: Passus 9
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Piers Plowman: Passus 10
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Piers Plowman: Passus 11
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Piers Plowman: Passus 12
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Piers Plowman: Passus 13
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Piers Plowman: Passus 14
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Piers Plowman: Passus 15
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Piers Plowman: Passus 16
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Piers Plowman: Passus 17
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Piers Plowman: Passus 18
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Piers Plowman: Passus 19
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Piers Plowman: Passus 20
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Excerpts from Layamon's Brut
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: Ancrene Wisse
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: Seinte Marharete
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: The Meditation on the Passion
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Horn Childe and Maiden Rimnild
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John Gower’s Confessio Amantis - Selections
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King Arthur's Death: Selections from the Middle English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure
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Mankind
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Performing Christ and Satan: The York Temptation of Christ and Harrowing of Hell Live at Kalamazoo
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Relevations of Divine Love
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Shrew Plays before Shakespeare: Noah, Joseph's Trouble about Mary, and The Killing of the Children
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Sir Orfeo
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The Digby MS: The Conversion of St. Paul
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The Fox and Wolf
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The Second Shepherd's Play
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The York: Fall of Angels, Fall of Man, Abraham and Isaac
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Selected Middle English Lyrics
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Specimens of Middle English Pronunciation: General Prologue
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Specimens of Middle English Pronunciation: Piers Plowman Prologue
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Specimens of Middle English Pronunciation: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
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Specimens of Middle English Pronunciation: House of Fame
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Specimens of Middle English Pronunciation: The Franklin's Tale V
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Performing Middle English Romance: Sir Orfeo, Abridged
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Performing Middle English Romance: Octavian Imperator
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Performing Middle English Romance: Sir Bevis of Hampton
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Performing Middle English Romance: The Stanzaic Morte Arthur
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Performing Middle English Romance: Performing Sir Orfeo
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Performing Middle English Romance: Reading Verse Romance as Drama
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The Poetics of Alliteration
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Voicing Medieval Women: Middle English Part II
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Voicing Medieval Women: Middle English, Part I
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Beowulf
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Ted Irving Reads Old English: Beowulf
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: Cynewulf's Elena
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: Judith
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Heroic Women in Old and Middle English: Juliana
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Old English Elegies and Riddles
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Ted Irving Reads Old English: Deor
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Ted Irving Reads Old English: The Dream of the Rood
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Ted Irving Reads Old English: The Seafarer
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Ted Irving Reads Old English: The Wanderer
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Towneley Plays: Ludicium (Last Judgement)
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Towneley Plays: Magnus Herodes (Herod the Great)
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Towneley Plays: Mastacio Abel (Murder of Abel)
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Towneley Plays: Processus Noe (Noah's Flood)
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Deus amanz
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Deux ballades
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: La Chanson de Roland
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: La Griesche d'esté
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: La Vie de Saint Alexis
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Le Dit de la pastoure
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Le Roman de la Rose
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Tristan et Iseut
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Une fable
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Four Centuries of Old French Verse: Yvain
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Malory Aloud
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Maistre Pathelin
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Old French Pastourelle Motets
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Cele Qui Fu Foutue et Desfoutue (De la Grue)
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Crapaud
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: De Cele Qui Se Fist Foutre Sur la Fosse de son Mari
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Del Couvoiteus et del Envïeus
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Ivresse
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Le Prestre Crucefié
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Le Vilain Asnier
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Les Perdris
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Les Quatre Souhais Saint Martin
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Les Trois Boçus
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Ribaudie et Repentanche: Merlot
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Selections from the Lais of Marie de France: Guigemar and Fresne
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Voicing Medieval Women: Provençal, Anglo-Norman, Old French
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A Garland of Medieval German Verse: Lieder
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A Garland of Medieval German Verse: Minnelieder
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A Garland of Medieval German Verse: Mädchenlieder and Sangspruchgedichte
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A Garland of Medieval German Verse: Nibelungenlied
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A Garland of Medieval German Verse: Titurel
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A Garland of Medieval German Versel: Tristan
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Carmina Burana
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Das Herzmaere
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Kudrun
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Ambrasser Liederbuch
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Liederbuch by Ottilia Fenchlerin
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Züricher Liederbuch
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Miscellany Manuscript
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Georg Foster’s Songbook
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Elizabeth Cruzigerin, Ein Lobsang von Christo
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Mary, Queen of Hungary
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Agnes, Duchess of Saxony
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Annelein von Freiburg
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Elizabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Magdalena Beke
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Magdalena Heymairin
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Late Medieval German Women's Poetry: Margaretha, Duchess of Anhalt
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Nibelungenlied: Kriemhild
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Nibelungenlied: Siegfried
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried came to Worms
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried first set eyes on Kriemhild
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Nibelungenlied: How Gunther sailed to Iceland for Brünhild
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Nibelungenlied: How Gunther won Brünhild
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried sailed to fetch his vassals
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried was sent to Worms
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Nibelungenlied: How Brünhild was received in Worms
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried came home with his queen
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Nibelungenlied: How Gunther invited Siegfried to the festival
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried went to the festival with his queen
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Nibelungenlied: How the queens railed at each other
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried was betrayed
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried was slain
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegfried was lamented and buried
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Nibelungenlied: How Siegmund returned home
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Nibelungenlied: How the Nibelung treasure was brought to Worms
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Nibelungenlied: How King Etzel sent to Burgundy for Kriemhild
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Nibelungenlied: How Kriemhild journeyed to Hungary
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Nibelungenlied: How Kriemhild was received by Etzel
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Nibelungenlied: How Kriemhild invited her brothers to the festival
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Nibelungenlied: How Werbel and Swemmel accomplished their sovereign's embassy
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Nibelungenlied: How the Nibelungs journeyed to Hungary
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Nibelungenlied: How Gelprat was slain by Dancwart
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Nibelungenlied: How they came to Pöchlarn
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Nibelungenlied: How the Burgundians arrived in Hungary
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Nibelungenlied: How Kriemhild upbraided Hagen and he did not rise to greet her
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Nibelungenlied: How Hagen and Volker kept watch
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Nibelungenlied: How they went to church
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Nibelungenlied: How Dancwart slew Bloedelin
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Nibelungenlied: How the Burgundians fought with the Huns
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Nibelungenlied: How they threw the corpses from the hall
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Nibelungenlied: How Iring was slain
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Nibelungenlied: How the Queen had the hall burned down
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Nibelungenlied: How Rüdiger was slain
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Nibelungenlied: How Dietrich's warriors were slain to a man
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Nibelungenlied: How Dietrich did battle with Gunther and Hagen
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Wartburgfrieg & Tannhauser-Ballade
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Waz Ist Minne?
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